Apple-1 Operation Manual (1976)(Apple)[a]

-1

OPERATION

MANUAL

APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY
770 Welch Road
Palo Alto, Calif. 94304

SPECIFICATIONS

MICROPROCESSOR:

Microprocessor Clock Frequency:

Effective Cycle Frequency:
(Including Refresh Waits)

MOS TECHNOLOGY 6502
1.023 MHz
0.960 MHz

VIDEO OUTPUT:

Line Rate:
Frame Rate:
Format:

Display Memory:
Character Matrix:

Composite positive video, 75 ohms,
level adjustable between zero and +5Vpp,

15734 Hz

60.05 Hz

40 characters/line, 24 lines;
with automatic scrolling

Dynamic shift registers (IK x 7)

5x7

RAM MEMORY:

On-board RAM Capacity:

16-pin, 4K Dynamic, type 4096 (2104)
8K bytes (4K supplied)

POWER SUPPLIES:

Input Power Requirements:

Recommended Transformers:

+5 Volts @ 3 amps, +/- 12 Volts @0.5 amps,
and -5 Volts @ 0.5 amps

8 to 10 Volts AC (RMS) @ 3 amps,

26 to 28 Volts AC (RMS) Center-Tapped, 1A,

Stancor # P-8380 or Triad F31-X
Stancor # P-8667 or Triad F40-X

APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY

770 Welch Road, Suite 154

Palo Alto, California 94304

Phone: (415) 326-4248

INTRODUCTION

The Apple Computer is a complete micro-
processor system, consisting of a Mos Technology
6502 microprocessor and support hardware, in-
tegral video display electronics, dynamic memory
and refresh hardware, and fully regulated power
supplies. It contains resident system monitor
software, enabling the user, via the keyboard
and display, to write, examine, debug, and run
programs efficiently; thus being an educational
tool for the learning of microprocessor program-
ming, and an aid in the development of software.

plied), although static memory may also be used.
All refreshing of dynamic memory, including all
"off-board" expansion memory, is done auto-
matically. The entire system timing, including
the microprocessor clock and all video signals,
originates in a single crystal oscillator.

Further, the printed circuit board contains
a "breadboard area", in which the user can add
additional "on-board" hardware (for example,
extra PIA's, ACIA's, EROM's, and soon).

The integral video display section and the
keyboard interface renders unnecessary the need
for an external teletype. The display section con-
tains its own memory, leaving all of RAM for user
programs, and the output format is 40 characters/
line, 24 lines /page, with auto scrolling. Almost
any ASCII encoded keyboard will interface directly
with the Apple system.

The board has sockets for upto 8K bytes
of the 16 pin, 4K type, RAM, and the system is
fully expandable to 65K via the edge connector.
The system uses dynamic memory {4K bytes sup—

This manual is divided into three Sections:

Section I GETTING THE SYSTEM RUNNING.
Section II USING THE SYSTEM MONITOR.

(listing included)
Section III EXPANDING THE SYSTEM.

Please readSection I thoroughly, before at-
tempting to "power-up" your system, and study
Section III carefully before attempting to expand
your system. In addition to this manual, Apple
"Tech Notes" are available which contain exam-
ples of expansion hardware and techniques.

SECTION I
GETTING THE SYSTEM RUNNING

The Apple Computer is fully assembled,
tested, and burned in. The only external devices
necessary for operation of the system are: An
ASCII encoded keyboard, a video display monitor,
and AC power sources of 8 to 10 Volts (RMS) @3
amps and28Volts (RMS) @1 amp. The following three
articles describe the attachment of these devices
in detail.

Keyboard:

Any ASCII encoded keyboard, with positive
DATA outputs, interfaces directly with the Apple
system via a "DIP" connector. If your keyboard
has negative logic DATA outputs (rare), you can
install inverters (7404) in the breadboard area.
The strobe can be either positive or negative, of
long or short duration. The "DIP" keyboard con-
nector (B4) has inputs for seven DATA lines, one

STROBE line, and two normally-open pushbutton
switches, used for RESET (enter monitor), and
CLEAR SCREEN (see schematic diagram, sheet
3 of 3, for exact circuitry). This keyboard con-
nector also supplies three voltages, (+5V, +12V,
and -12V) of which one or more may be necessary
to operate the keyboard, Pin 15 of the keyboard
connector (B4) must be tied to +5V (pin 16) for
normal operation.

NOTE: The system monitor accepts only upper-
case alpha (A-F, R).

It is therefore convenient, though it's not
essential, to have a keyboard equipped with upper-
case alpha lock (usually in the electronics) . Either
of the following suggested circuits may be used
to provide alpha lock capability, if needed, and
can be built in the breadboard area.

B6
FROM

KEYBOARD ~ 2

-£E>^

B7-

pE>^-

■*B6 jo KBD

CONNECTOR
♦ B7 (B4)

t*Ey

>B6

TO KBD
CONNECTOR
(B4)
*B7

-1-

Display:

The Apple Computer outputs a composite
video signal (composite of sync and video infor-
mation) which can be applied to any standard
raster-scan type video display monitor. The out-
put level is adjustable with the potentiometer
located near the video output Molex connector, J2.
The additional two outside pins on the Molex con-
nector supply +5and+12 volts, to be used in future
Apple accessories. The composite video signal
can also be modulated at the proper RF frequency,
with an inexpensive commercially available device ,
and applied to the antenna terminals of a home
television receiver. Since the character format
is 40 characters / line, all television receivers
will have the necessary bandwidth to display the
entire 40 characters. Two large manufacturers
of video display monitors, which connect directly
with the Apple Computer, are Motorola and Ball.
The mating four— pin Molex connector is provided.

equivalent { 28VCT at 1 amp). Simply wire the
secondaries to the mating six-pin Molex connector
supplied, and wire the primaries in parallel, as
shown in the schematic diagram (power supply
section, Dwg.No. 00101, sheet 3 of 3.

TEST PROGRAM

After attaching the keyboard, display, and
AC power sources, you can try a simple program
to test if your system and the attachments are
functioning together properly. While it does not
test many possible areas of the microprocessor
system, the test program will test for the correct
attachment of the keyboard, display, and power
supplies.

FIRST:

Hit the RESET button to enter the system
monitor. A backslash should be displayed,
and the cursor should drop to the next line.

AC Power Sources:

Two incoming AC power sources are re-
quired for operation: 8 to 10 VAC (RMS) at 3 amps,
and 28 VAC (RMS) Center-Tapped at lamp. These
AC supplies enter the system at the Molex con-
nector, Jl. The 8 to 10 volts AC provides the raw
AC for the +5 volt supply, while the 28 VCT sup-
plies the raw AC for the +12 and —12 volt supplies,
and the -5V supply is derived from the -12V reg-
ulated output.

The board, as supplied, requires no more
than 1. 5 amps DC from the +5V supply, while the
regulator is capable of supplying 3 amps. The
remaining 1.5 amps DC from the +5V supply is
available for user hardware expansion (provided
suitable transformer ratings are employed).

A suitable source of the raw AC voltages
required, are two commercially available trans-
formers; Stancor P/N P-8380 or equivalent (8 to
10 volts at 3 amps), and Stancor P/N P-8667 or

SECOND:

Type- : A9 b b AA b 20 b EF b FF b

E8 b 8A b 4C b 2 b (RET)

(0 is a zero, NOT an alpha "O"; b means

blank or space; and (RET) hit the "return"

key on the keyboard)

THIRD:

Type- . A (RET)

(This should print out, on the display, the

program you have just entered. )

FOURTH:

Type- R(RET)

(R means run the program.)

THE PROGRAM SHOULD THEN PRINT
OUT ON THE DISPLAY A CONTINUOUS STREAM
OF ASCII CHARACTERS. TO STOP THE PRO-
GRAM AND RETURN TO THE SYSTEM MONITOR,
HIT THE "RESET" BUTTON. TO RUN AGAIN,
TYPE : R (RET).

-2-

I SECTION II USING THE SYSTEM MONITOR|

The Hex Monitor is a PROM program in
locations FF00toFFFF (hex) which uses the key-
board and display to perform the front panel func-
tions of examining memory, and running programs .
The monitor program is entered by hitting (RESET),
which displays backslash - return. A backslash
alone (cursor remains on same line as backslash)
indicates bad page RAM.

Commands are typed on a "line-at-a-time"
basis with editing. Each line may consist of any
number of commands (up to 1 28 characters) . None
are executed until (RETURN) is typed. The
(SHIFT-0) (backarrow) backspaces and echos an
underline. The (ESC) cnacels a line and echos
backslash-return.

One or more hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F)
are used for address and data values. Addresses
use the four least significant digits of a group, and
data values, the two least significant digits. The
following examples illustrate the variety of ac-
ceptable commands:

1. Opening a location (examining the contents
of a single address).

USER TYPES/ 4F (RET)
MONITOR TYPES/ 004F: 0F (contents

of 4F)

2. Examining a block; from the last examined
location, to a specified one.

USER TYPES/ . 5A (RET)
MONITOR TYPES/

$$50: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
0058: 08 09 0A

Note: 4F is still considered the most recently
opened location.

3. Combining examples 1 and 2 to print a
block of memory in a single command.

USER TYPES/ 4F. 5A (RET)
MONITOR TYPES/

0050: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
0058: 08 09 0A

Note: Only the first location of the block (4F)
is considered "opened".

Note:

6.

Note:

9.

56 is considered the most recently "opened"
location. The "b" is a blank or comma,
and is a delimiter for separation purposes
only. A string of delimiters has the same
effect as a single one (bbb is as effective
as b).

Examining several blocks of memory at
once.

USER TYPES/ 4F. 52 b 56 b 58. 5A
(RET)

MONITOR TYPES/ 004F
0050
0056
0058

0F

00 01 02

06

08 09 0A

Note: 58 is considered the most recently "opened"
location. Refer to example 2.

Examining successive blocks.

USER TYPES/ 4F. 52 (RET)

MONITOR TYPES/

USER TYPES/
MONITOR TYPES/

USER TYPES/
MONITOR TYPES/

004F: 0F
0050: 00 01 02
. 55 (RET)
0053: 03 04 05
. 5A (RET)
0056: 06 07
0058: 08 09 0A

Depositing data in a single location.
USER TYPES/ 30: A0 (RET)
MONITOR TYPES/ 0030: FF (prior

contents)

Location 30 is considered opened and now
contains 30.

Depositing data in successive locations
from that last used in a deposit command.
USER TYPES/ : Al b A2 b A3 b A4
b A5 (RET)
(This deposits Al in location 31, A2 in 32,
and so on. )

Combining examples 7 and 8 in a single
command.

USER TYPES/ 30: A0 b Al b A2 b
A3 b A4 b A5 (RET)
MONITOR TYPES/

0030; FF (prior contents of location 30)

Examining several
once.

USER TYPES/
MONITOR TYPES/

individual locations at

4F b 52 b 56 (RET)
004F: 0F
0052: 02
0056: 06

10. Depositing data in successive locations with

separate commands.

USER TYPES/

MONITOR TYPES/

USER TYPES/

USER TYPES/

30: A0 b Al (RET)
0030: FF
:A2 b A3 (RET)
:A4 b A5 (RET)

NOTE: Capital letters enclosed in parenthesis represent single keystrokes.
Example: (RET) means hit the "return" key.

-3-

Note: A colon in a command means "start de-
positing data from the most recently de-
posited location, or if none, then from the
most recently opened one.

11. Examining a block, then depositing into it.

USER TYPES/ 30.35 (RET)
MONITOR TYPES/

0030: A0 Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

USER TYPES/

:B0 b Bl b B2 b B3 b B4 b B5 (RET)

Note: New data deposited beginning at most re-
cently opened location (30)

12. Run a program at a specified address.

USER TYPES/ 10F0 R (RET)
MONITOR TYPES/ 10F0: A9 (contents)

Note: The cursor is left immediately to the right
of the "A9"; it is not returned to the next
line.

13. Run at the most recently examined location.

USER TYPES/ 10F0 (RET)
MONITOR TYPES/ 10F0: A9
USER TYPES/ R (RET)

14. Enter a program into memory and run it
in one line.

USER TYPES/

40: A9 b b 20 b EF b FF b 38 b 69 b
b 4C b 40 b R (RET)
MONITOR TYPES/ 40: FF (prior con-
tents of 40)

MONITOR TYPES/

40: FF (prior con-
tents of 40)

15. An "on line" error correction.

USER TYPES/

40: Al b A2 b A3A4A5A6 b A7
(data A6 will be loaded in location 42)

USER TYPES/ 40506070: AA
(data AA will be loaded in location 6070)

16. Useful routines in monitor which can be
accessed by user programs.
GETLINE: location FF1F:

monitor entry point
(jumping to FF1F will enter monitor
and echo carriage return. You can
then examine memory locations with
the monitor. )

ECHO: location FFEF:

prints one byte (ASCII)
(data from "A" (accumulator), con-
tents of "A" not disturbed. Example:
20 b EF b FF (JRS ECHO)).

PRBYTE

location FFDC:
prints one byte (HEX)

(data from "A", contents of "A"

turbed. )

dis-

PRHEX: location FFE5:

prints one hex digit
(data from four least significant bits
of "A", contents of "A" disturbed.)

NOTE: RAM locations 0024 to 002B are used as index
pointers by the monitor, and are invalid for user use,
when using monitor. Also, locations 0200 to 027F are
used as input buffer storage, and are also invalid for
user use when using the monitor.

-4-

6502 HEX MONITOR LISTING

FF00

D8

RESET

CLD

FF01

58

CLI

FF02

A0 7F

LDY #$7F

FF04

8C 12 D0

STY DSP

FF07

A9 A7

LDA #$A7

FF09

8D 11 D0

STA KBD CR

FF0C

8D 13 D0

STA DSP CR

FF0F

C9 DF

NOTCR

CMP #$DF

FF11

F0 13

BEQ BACKSPACE

FF13

C9 9B

CMP #$9B

FF15

F0 03

BEQ ESCAPE

FF17

C8

INY

FF18

10 0F

BPL NEXTCHAR

FF1A

A9 DC

ESCAPE

LDA #$DC

FF1C

20 EF FF

JSR ECHO

FF1F

A9 8D

GET LINE

LDA #$8D

FF21

20 EF FF

JSR ECHO

FF24

A0 01

LDY #$01

FF26

88

BACKSPACE

DEY

FF27

30 F6

BMI GETLINE

FF29

AD 11 D0

NEXTCHAR

LDA KBD CR

FF2C

10 FB

BPL NEXTCHAR

FF2E

AD 10 D0

LDA KBD

FF31

99 00 02

STA IN, Y

FF34

20 EF FF

JSR ECHO

FF37

C9 8D

CMP #$8D

FF39

D0 D4

BNE NOTCR

FF3B

A0 FF

LDY #$FF

FF3D

A9 00

LDA #$00

FF3F

AA

TAX

FF40

0A

SETSTOR

ASL

FF41

85 2B

SETMODE

STA MODE

FF43

C8

BLSKIP

INY

FF44

B9 00 02

NEXT ITEM

LDA IN, Y

FF47

C9 8D

CMP #$8D

FF49

F0 D4

BEQ GETLINE

FF4B

C9 AE

CMP #$AE

FF4D

90 F4

BCC BLSKIP

FF4F

F0 F0

BEQ SETMODE

FF51

C9 BA

CMP #$BA

FF53

F0 EB

BEQ SETSTOR

FF55

C9 D2

CMP #$D2

FF57

F0 3B

BEQ RUN

FF59

86 28

STX L

FF5B

86 29

STX H

FF5D

84 2A

STY YSAV

FF5F

B9 00 02

NEXTHEX

LDA IN, Y

FF62

49 B0

EOR #$B0

FF64

C9 0A

CMP #$0A

FF66

90 06

BCC DIG

FF68

69 88

ADC #$88

FF6A

C9 FA

CMP #$FA

FF6C

90 11

BCC NOTHEX

FF6E

0A

DIG

ASL

FF6F

0A

ASL

FF70

0A

ASL

FF71

0A

ASL

FF72

A2 04

LDX #$04

FF74

0A

HEXSHIFT

ASL

Clear decimal arithmetic mode.

Mask for DSP data direction register.
Set it up.

KBD and DSP control register mask.
Enable interrupts, setCAl, CB1, for
positive edge sense/output mode.

Yes.

ESC?

Yes.

Advance text index.

Auto ESC if > 127.

n \ ti

Output it.

CR.

Output it.

Initiallize text index.

Backup text index.

Beyond start of line, reinitialize.

Key ready?

Loop until ready.

Load character. B7 should be 'l 1 .

Add to text buffer.

Display character.

CR?

No.

Reset text index.

For XAM mode.

0-*X.

Leaves $7B if setting STOR mode.

$00 = XAM, $7B = STOR, $AE = BLOK XAM

Advance text index.

Get characte r.

CR?

Yes, done this line.

" . " ?

Skip delimiter.

Set BLOCK XAM mode.

II. M 9

Yes, set STOR mode.
,f R"?

Yes, run user program.
$00-*L.
and H.
Save Y for comparison.
Get character for hex test.
Map digits to $0-9.
Digit?
Yes.

Map letter "A ,, - n F" to $FA-FF.
Hex letter?
No, character not hex.

Hex digit to MSD of A.

Shift count.

Hex digit left, MSB to carry,

-5-

6502 HEX MONITOR LISTING (continued)

FF75

FF77

FF79

FF7A

FF7C

FF7D

FF7F

FF81

FF83

FF85

FF87

FF89

FF8B

FF8D

FF8F

FF91

FF94

FF97

FF99

FF9B

FF9D

FF9F

FFA1

FFAZ

FFA4

FFA6

FFA8

FFAB

FFAD

FFB0

FFB2

FFB5

FFB7

FFBA

FFBC

FFBF

FFC1

FFC4

FFC7

FFC8

FFCA

FFCC

FFCE

FFD0

FFD2

FFD4

FFD6

FFD8

FFDA

FFDC

FFDD

FFDE

FFDF

FFE0

FFE1

FFE4

FFE5

FFE7

FFE9

26 28

26 29

CA

D0 F8

C8

D0 E0

C4 2A

F0 97

24 2B

50 10

A5 28

81 26

E6 26

D0 B5

E6 27

4C 44 FF

6C 24 00

30 2B

A2 02

B5 27

95 25

95 23

CA

D0 F7

D0 14

A9 8D

20 EF FF

A5 25

20 DC FF

A5 24

20 DC FF

A9 BA

20 EF FF

A9 A0

20 EF FF

Al 24

20 DC FF

86 2B

A5 24

( C5 28

A5 25

E5 29

B0 CI

E6 24

D0 02

E6 25

A5 24

29 01

\0 C8

48

4A

4A

4A

4A

20 E5 FF

68

29 0F

09 B0

C9 BA

NOTHEX

TONEXTITEM

RUN

NOTSTOR

SETADR

NXTPRNT

PRDATA

XAMNEXT

MOD8CHK

PRBYTE

PRHEX

ROL L
ROL H

DEX

BNE HEXSHIFT

INY

BNE NEXTHEX

CPY YSAV

BEQ ESCAPE

BIT MODE

BVC NOTSTOR

LDA L

STA (STL, X)

INC STL

BNE NEXTITEM

INC STH

JMP NEXTITEM

JMP (XAML)

BMI XAMNEXT

LDX #$02

LDA L-1,X

STA STL-1, X

STA XAML-1, X

DEX

BNE SETADR

BNE PRDATA

LDA #$8D

JSR ECHO

LDA XAMH

JSR PRBYTE

LDA XAML

JSR PRBYTE

LDA #$BA

JSR ECHO

LDA #$A0

JSR ECHO

LDA {XAML, X)

JSR PRBYTE

STX MODE

LDA XAML

CMP L

LDA XAMH

SBC H

BCS TONEXTITEM

INC XAML

BNE MOD8CHK

INC XAMH

LDA XAML

AND #$07

BPL NXTPRNT

PHA

LSR

LSR

LSR

LSR

JSR PRHEX

PLA

AND #$0F

ORA #$B0

CMP #$BA

Rotate into LSD.

Rotate into MSD's.

Done 4 shifts ?

No, loop.

Advence text index.

Always taken. Check next character for hex.

Check if L, H empty (no hex digits).

Yes, generate ESC sequence.

Test MODE byte.

B6 = for STOR, 1 for XAM and BLOCK XAM

LSD's of hex data.

Store at current 'store index'.

Increment store index.

Get next item, (no carry).

Add carry to 'store index* high order.

Get next command item.

Run at current XAM index.

B7 = for XAM, 1 for BLOCK XAM.

Byte count.

Copy hex data to

'store index'.
And to 'XAM index'.
Next of 2 bytes.
Loop unless X = 0.
NE means no address to print.
CR.

Output it,

'Examine index' high-order byte.
Output it in hex format.
Low-order 'examine index' byte.
Output it in hex format.

M. t!

Output it.

Blank.

Output it.

Get data byte at 'examine index'.

Output it in hex format.

0-*MODE (XAM mode).

Compare 'examine index' to hex data.

Not less, so no more data to output.

Increment 'examine index 1

Check low-order

For MOD 8=0
Always taken.
Save A for LSD.

MSD to LSD position.

Output hex digit.

Restore A.

Mask LSD for hex print.

Add "0".

Digit?

examine index' byte

-6-

6502 HEX MONITOR LISTING (continued)

FFEB

90 02

FFED

69 06

FFEF

2C 12 D0 E

FFF2

30 FB

FFF4

8D 12 D0

FFF7

60

FFF8

00 00 (unused)

FFFA

00 0F (NMI)

FFFC

00 FF (RESET)

FFFE

00 00 (IRQ)

ECHO

BCC ECHO
ADC #$06
BIT DSP
BMI ECHO
STA DSP
RTS

Yes, output it.

Add offset for letter.

DA bit (B7) cleared yet?

No, wait for display.

Output character. Sets DA.

Return.

HARDWARE NOTES

Page Variables

XAML 24

XAMH 25

STL 26

STH 27

L 28

H 29

YSAV 2A

MODE 2B

Other Variables

IN

200-2

KBD

D010

KBD CR

D011

DSP

D012

DSP CR

D013

PIA

KBD/DSP Interface

Bl

B2

KBD

B3

\SCII i

B4

Data

B5

B6

B7

+5

KBD STROBE

Reset

PA0 D0-D7
PA1 RS0

±

PA2
PA 3
PA4
PA5
PA6
PA7

RES

RSI
CS0
CS1
CS2

E

Vc

Vss

CA1 R/W

CB1
CB2

PB7

PB6
PB5
PB4
PB3
PB2
PB1
PB0

^DATA BUS

- A0

- Al

- A4

+

Decode A15, A14, A13, A12 to $DXXX

02
■+5

•R/W

i>

♦ B6

♦ B5

-*B4
♦ B3

♦ B2

♦ Bl

♦ B0

PIA
6820

One Shot
(3.5 usee)

RDA (UART style)
(from display)

♦ DA (UART style)
(to display)

ASCII to display

-7-

SECTION III
HOW TO EXPAND THE APPLE SYSTEM

The Apple system can be expanded to in-
clude more memory and IO devices, via a 44-pin
edge connector. The system is fully expandable
to 65K, with the entire data and address busses,
clocks, control signals ( i. e. IRQ, NMI, DMA,
RDY, etc.), and power sources available at the
connector. All address lines are TTL buffered,
and data lines can drive ten equivalent capacitive
loads (one TTL load and 130pf) without external
buffers. All clock signals are TTL. The Apple
system runs at approximately 1 MHz { see spec
sheet) and is fully compatible with 6800/6500 style
timing.

Three power sources are available at the
edge connector: +5 volts regulated, and raw DC
(approximately +/- 14V) for the +12V, -12V, and
-5V supplies. If +12V, -12V, or -5V supplies are
required, EXTERNAL REGULATORS MUST BE
USED. An excess of 1.5 amps from the "on-
board" regulated +-5V supply is available for ex-
pansion (assuming suitable transformer ratings
are employed). Exercise great care in the handling
of the raw DC, as no short-circuit protection is
provided.

REFRESH:

Four out of every 65 clock cycles is dedi-
cated to memory refresh. At the start of a re-
fresh cycle (150 ns after leading edge of 01), RF
goes low, and remains low for one clock cycle.
02 is inhibited during a refresh cycle, and the
processor is held in 01 (it's inactive state). Dy-
namic memories, which must clock during refresh
cycles, should derive their clock from 00, which
is equivalent to 02, except that it continues during
a refresh cycle. Devices, such as PIA's, will not
be affected by a refresh cycle, since they react to
02 only. Refer to Apple "Tech Notes" for a variety
of interfacing examples.

DMA:

The Apple system has full DMA capability.
For DMA, the DMA control line tri - states the
address buss, thus allowing external devices to
control the buss. Consult MOS TECHNOLOGY
6502 Hardware Manual for details. (For DMA use,
the solder jumper on the board, marked "DMA",
must be broken. )

For the 6502 microprocessor, the RDY
line is used to halt the processor for single step-
ping, or slow ROM applications. Refer to Apple
"Tech Notes" for examples.

SOFTWARE CONSIDERATIONS:

The sequences listed below are the routines
used to read the keyboard or output to the display.

Read Key from KBD:

jfLDA KBD CR (D011)
V BPL
LDA KBD DATA (D010)

Output to Display:

*BIT DSP (D012)
I BPL
STA DSP (D012)

PIA Internal Registers:

KBD Data D010

High order bit equals 1.

KBD Control Reg. D011

High order bit indicates "key ready".
Reading key clears flag. Rising
edge of KBD sets flag.

DSP DATA D012

Lower seven bits are data output,
high order bit is "display ready"
input (1 equals ready, equals busy)

DSP Control Reg. D013

8-

105-125 VAC 60 Hz
POWER SOURCE

STANCOR P-8380
(or equiv)

(N0TE15)
HEATSINK TAB= -|{

LM320 MP-5

X

HEATSINK =SND

J3

+r'

HEATSINK TAB= -I5V Nom.

*r'

STANCOR P-8667
(or equiv)

z

2400
25V

LM320MP-I2

HEATSINK TA6=GND

2400
25V

5

1

RF

< A

02

2

RES

^ B

BA

3

NM1

<* C

VMA

4

IRQ

^ D

01

5

RDY

< E

D7

6

06

^™F

D5

7

D4

<" H

D3

8

D2

^r j

Dl

9

D0

^ K

R/W

\0

DMA

< L

R

II

S

< M

00

12

AI5

^ N

AI4

13

AI3

^ P

AI2

14

All/5

<* R

A 10/4

15

A9/3

^ s

A8/2

16

A7/I

^1

A6/BT

17

A5

^""u""

A4

18

A3

^ V

A2

19

Al

^ w

A0

20

GNO

< x

6ND

21

T

< Y

+I2V

22

+5V

< Z

-I2V

+ 5V

VIDEO OUT
GND
+ I2V

5V

12V

■CLEAR SCREEN (B4H2)
►RESET {B4-I)

REVISIONS

INITIALS and UATK

URF'TC CHECK ENGRG

NOTES: (continued from sheet 2/3)

14. Tl EQUIVALENT TRANSFORMER SHALL
BE 8 TO 10 VOLT SECONDARY, WITH

3 AMP MINIMUM CURRENT RATING.
T2 EQUIVALENT TRANSFORMER SHALL
BE 28 VOLT SECONDARY, CENTER-
TAPPED, WITH 1 AMP MINIMUM RATING.

15. CASE OF REGULATOR, LM323, AND HEAT
SINK TABS OF REMAINING THREE REG-
ULATORS ARE ALL AT DIFFERENT
ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS. CAUTION
SHOULD BE EXERCISED TO INSURE
AGAINST DIRECT ELECTRICAL CONTACT
BETWEEN THESE POINTS. THEY MUST
NOT BE SHORTED TOGETHER, NOR TO
THE HEATSINK OF THE LM323.

T

APPLICATION

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES

TOLERANCES ON;

FRACTIONS = H/16 .* = *.!
ANGLES - ±1° jm - ± 03

SURFACE FINISH v — ,im = ± .01

DRAW BY

R.WAYNE 4-2-76

DESIGN ENGINEER

S- W QZN IAK 3-10-75

PROJECT ENGINEER

S.J0BS 3-10-76

DOCUMENT CONTROL

o

OS

oi

APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY

title SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

APPLE ~1

POWER SUPPLY

SIZE DRAWING NO

OOlOl

SHEET n OF

3 OF 3

2

If more than one source for RDY
use open— collector gate 7401 (not '00)

cs — ^FV

(Slow ROM I T_X
address decoded)

RUN

■» )rdy^ >

SLOW ROM

< SYNC| J7474 g

I 1 27 ° A

R Q **°* — • »1D

needed only
for single
INST R mode

SINGLE CYCLE

(NOTE: Features not needed may be omitted)

SINGLE STEP FOR 6502

ADDRESS DISPLAY

Al

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6/0

A7/1

A8/2

A9/3

A10/4

All/5

A12

A13

A14

A15

CsYNCf -

7417 '4
Q0
Ql
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
CL

CL

Q0
Ql
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
14174

CL

D0 Q0

Dl Ql

D2 Q2

D3 Q3

D5 Q5

74174

100

100

100

-wv-

100

100

100

-VSAr-.

100

100

100

-wv-

100

100

AAA*-

100

■AA/Nr

100

100

100

■AAAr

100

100

Wr

A0

Al

A2

^

e

A3

A4

e

e

A5

^

e

A6

A7

A8

€>

e

A9

A10

e

®

All

^

e

A12

A13

A14

e

^

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SYNC

^

-12-

The Apple Computer Company hereby warrants each of
its products, and all components therein contained, to be free
from defects in materials and/or workmanship for a period of
thirty (30) days from date of purchase. In the event of the occur-
rence of malfunction, or other indication of failure attributable
directly to faulty workmanship and/or material, then, upon re-
turn of the product to the Apple Computer Company, at 770 Welch
Road, Palo Alto, California, 94304 (postage prepaid), the Apple
Computer Company will, at its option, repair or replace said
products or components thereof, to what ever extent Apple Com-
puter Company shall deem necessary, to restore said product
to proper operating condition. All such repairs or replacements
shall be rendered by the Apple Computer Company, without
charge to the customer.

The responsibility for the failure of any Apple Computer
product, or component thereof, which, at the discretion of the
Apple Computer Company, shall have resulted either directly or
indirectly from accident, abuse, or misapplication of the product,
shall be assumed by the customer, and the Apple Computer Com-
pany shall assume no liability as a consequence of such events
under the terms of this warranty.

While every effort, on the part of Apple Computer Com-
pany, is made to provide clear and accurate technical instruction
on the use, implementation, and application of its products, the
Apple Computer Company shall assume no liability in events which
may arise from the application of such technical instruction, nor
shall the Apple Computer Company be held liable for the quality,
interconnection, or application of periferal products, which may
have been recommended by Apple Computer Company, but which
have not been supplied as part of the product.

This warranty contains and embodies the limits of re-
sponsibility of the Apple Computer Company, with regard to its
products, and no other liability is expressed, implied, or should
be assumed by the purchaser, and in no event shall the Apple
Computer Company be held liable for the loss of time, effort,
or transportation costs, nor for loss of potential profits or other
consequential losses which might arise from the purchase, assem-
bly, use, application, or subsequent sale of the products of Apple
Computer Company, nor from any instructions and /or technical
information thereto related.

8

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(CHAR RATE)

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PI P3 PO P2

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74160

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05 D2 A6

2513

GND A7

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RC
VGG

01.
02
03 C3

2519

04
05
06

LINE0

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CII B
2504

03 04
g/ci2

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D4 B

2504

D4 A
2504

INITIAL and DATt

RELEASED FOR PRODUCTION

M- Up

&#_

NOTES; UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED:-

1. ALL OUTPUTS OF C3, 2519 (PINS 7 THRU 12), ARE PROVIDED
WITH "PULL-DOWN" RESISTORS, 7500 OHMS EACH, TO -12V.

2. INTERCONNEC TIONS BE TWEEN SCHEMATIC SECTIONS ARE
INDICATED BY | [ AREAS.

3. ALL RESISTORS ARE IN OHMS, 1/4W, 5%.

4. ALL CAPACITOR VALUES ARE IN MICROFARADS.

5. ALL DIODES ARE TYPE 1N914,
ALL GATES ARE 74' SERIES DEVICES.
(See additional notes, sheet 2/3)

04 03

DI4,
2504

&

k

DI4 E
2504

B

3000

NOTICE TO ALL PERSONS
RECEIVING THIS DRAWING:
This drawing is only conditionally
issued, and neither receipt nor
possession thereof confers or
transfers any right in, or license

to use, the subject matter of the by Apple Computer. No right to

drawing or any design or technical reproduce this document, or any

information shown thereon, nor part thereof, nor to make use of

any right to reproduce this draw- any information contained herein

mg orany part thereof, except for is granted, except by written a-

manufacture by vendors of Apple greement with, or license by, the

Computer, under written license Apple Computer Company.

8

6

5

T

:REF;

00100

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES

TOLERANCES ON

FRACTIONS = ill
ANCLES - ±1°
SURFACE FINISH i

R.WAYNE

4-2-76

DCXT.MFNT CONTROL

APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

APPLE - 1

TERMINAL SECTION

OOlOl

1 "3

8

6

1

i

&

a fci ■» ™

B7

74157/74S257

t"

i*oi t<fl< >to

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NOTE?
"6502 '

p^iiv)

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>±|B7B685B4B3B2Bl ,i ~
UJiO o o o o a o o-j-

B

74157/74S257

fcXxI4

MOS TECHNOLOGY

6502

MICROPROCESSOR

dig

*J3 S

51 5) S I*

JUMPER FOR
NO DMA

NOTE 13

74157/
74s257

I0A S i

2 2D

"e¥ —

-Hi A
6
-*I1B

itc 7 4 157 /wc
74s257

R25
3K

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m i ■ _' 'HJ'iO'iM ' 5-

NOTE 8 _JLJL_ u:

74154

MK4096 (orequi

RAM

(CAS)

A2
NOTE II

O ID — h- W
< < < <J <

(NOTE 121 UNREGiltATEp _ |2V _T

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DOV

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#

DESCRIPTION

RELEASED FOR PRODUCTION

IT1ALS and PATE

E5

NOTES: (continued from sheet 1/3)

7. UNIT, AS SUPPLIED, IN-
CLUDES A 6502 MICRO-
PROCESSOR, AND SOLDER
JUMPERS AT BOTH POINTS
MARKED "6502", AND HAS
OMITTED ALL COMPON-
ENTS SHOWN WITHIN THE
DOTTED BOX. IF A 6800

IS SUBSTITUTED FOR THE
6502 IT IS NECESSARY TO
INSTALL ALL COMPON-
ENTS SHOWN, AND TO
BREAK BOTH SOLDER
BRIDGES NOTED "6502".

8. UNIT IS SUPPLIED WITH:

Y Jumpered to CSF

Z Jumpered to CSD

W Jumpered to CS1 and

X Jumpered to CS0.

R, S, and T, ARE USER

SELECTABLE CHIP

SELECTS. (4K BLOCKS)

9. KYBD & DSP ARE INTER-
RUPT OUTPUTS FROM PIA.
POINTS LABELED "IRQ",
"NMI" ARE INTERRUPT
INPUTS FROM MICRO-
PROCESSOR. FOR NOR-
MAL OPERATION NO
JUMPERS ARE REQUIRED.

10. KEYBOARD SOCKET, (B4),
PIN 15, (BIT 8), SHOULD
BE JUMPERED TO Vcc

(+ 5V), FOR NORMAL
OPERATION WITH
SUPPLIED SOFTWARE.

11. PROMS ARE 256 x 4, AND
MAY BE ONE OF THE
FOLLOWING TYPES:
SIGNETICS 82S129,
HARRIS H1024,
INTEL/MMI 3601.

12. VOLTAGES (+12, -12) ON
EDGE CONNECTOR ARE
UNREGULATED, FILTERED
D. C. , AND SHOULD NOT
BE USED WITHOUT ADDED
REGULATION.

13. IF DMA REQUIRED, BREAK
JUMPER SHOWN. USE 74S257
AT POSITIONS B5, B6, B7,
AND B8. (AS SUPPLIED)

B

NOTICE TO ALL PERSONS
RECEIVING THIS DRAWING:
This drawing is only conditionally-
issued, and neither receipt nor
possession thereof confers or
transfers any right in, or license

drawing or any design or technical
information shown thereon, nor
any right to reproduce this draw-
ing oranypart thereof, except for
manufacture by vendors of Apple
Computer, under written license

reproduce this document, or any
part thereof, nor to make use of
any information herein contained
is granted, except by written a-
greement with, or license by, the
Apple Computer Company.

to use, the subject matter of the by Apple Computer. No right to

8

6

5

T

-REF-

00100

NEXT ASSY

USED ON

APPLICATION

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES

TOLERANCES ON:

FRACTIONS-* ['16 .i = *.l
ANGLES- tl° jv - ± ,03

SURFACE FINISH v" ,ui = * 01

DRAVk'N BY

R.WAYNE

DATE

4-2-76

DESIGN ENGINEER

SWOZNIAK 3-10-76

PROJECT ENGINEER

S JOBS 3-10-761

DOCUMENT CONTROL

APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

APPLE -1

PROCESSOR SECTION

SIZK DRAWING NO.

00101

2 m 3